What Do All of the Census Abbreviations Mean

No matter where in the world they are taken, census schedules usually offer very little room. Therefore, census takers often found it necessary to use abbreviations to get all of the required information onto the census form. These abbreviations – ranging from Na for naturalized to AdD for adopted daughter — can provide important information that may be critical to your research. Citizenship Status Census Abbreviations Al - Alien (not naturalized)Pa - First papers filed (declaration of intent)Na - NaturalizedNR - Not recorded or not reported Household Soundex Abbreviations Ad - Adopted AdAdCl - Adopted ChildAdD - Adopted DaughterAdGcl - Adopted GrandchildAdM - Adopted MotherAdS - Adopted SonAp - ApprenticeAt - AttendantAsst - AssistantA - AuntAl - Aunt-In-LawBar - BartenderBo - BoarderB Boy - Bound BoyB Girl - Bound GirlB - BrotherBl - Brother-In-LawBu - ButlerCap - CaptainCha - ChambermaidCl - ChildCoa - CoachmanCom - CompanionC - CousinCil - Cousin-In-LawD - DaughterDl - Daughter-In-LawDla - Day LaborerDw - Dish WasherDom - DomesticEmp - EmployeeEn - EngineerFaH - Farm HandFaL - Farm LaborerFaW - Farm WorkerF - FatherFl - Father-In-LawFi - FiremanFirst C - First CousinFoB - Foster BrotherFB - Foster BrotherFoSi - Foster SisterFS - Foster SisterFoS - Foster SonGod Child GodGo - GovernessGcl - GrandchildGd - GranddaughterGf - GrandfatherGM - GrandmotherGml - Grandmother-In-LawGs - Grand SonGsl - Grand Son-In-LawGGF - Great GrandfatherGGM - Great GrandmotherGGGF - Great Great GrandfatherGGGM - Great Great GrandmotherGni - Great- or GrandnieceGn - Great- or GrandnephewGua - GuardianHSi - Half SisterHSil - Half Sister-In-LawHb - Half BrotherHbl - Half Brother-In-LawHelp - HelperHe - HerderHGi - Hired GirlHH - Hired HandHlg - HirelingHk - HousekeeperHMaid - HousemaidHw - House WorkerLa- LaborerLau - LaundryL - LodgerMan - ManagerMat - MatronM - MotherMl - Mother-In-LawN - NephewNl - Nephew-In-LawNi - NieceNil - Niece-In-LawNi - NurseO - OfficerPa - PartnerP - PatientPh - PhysicianPor - PorterPri - PrincipalPr - PrisonerPrv - PrivatePu - PupilR - RoomerSa - SailorSal - SalesladySe - ServantSeCl - Servants ChildSi - SisterS - SonSl - Son-In-LawSb - Step BrotherSbl - Step Brother-In-LawScl - Step ChildSd - Step DaughterSdl - Step Daughter-In-LawSf - Step FatherSfl - Step Father-In-LawSgd - Step GranddaughterSgs - Step GrandsonSm - Step MotherSml - Step Mother-In-LawSsi - Step SisterSsil - Step Sister-In-LawSs - Step SonSsl - Step Son-In-LawSu - SuperintendentTen - TenantU - UncleUl - Uncle-In-LawVi - VisitorWt - WaiterWai - WaitressWa - WardenW - WifeWkm - Workman Language and Nativity Census Codes X0 - foreign bornX9 - born at sea Military Status From column 30 of the 1910 census: UA - Survivor of the Union ArmyUN - Survivor of the Union NavyCA - Survivor of the Confederate ArmyCN - Survivor of the Confederate Navy

Poverty And Its Effects On Society - 1352 Words

Poverty is a current social problem that is relevant to American society. Being an impoverished individual in this society places the individual and his or her family at a major disadvantage. According to the United States Census Bureau, 45.3 million American citizens lived in poverty in 2013. Poverty has an impact on society as well as the individual. Higher rates of poverty could lead to higher criminal activity. Individuals who are not sufficiently financially supported will most likely turn to crime in order to make the money that they need. Clearly, a spike in crime rates negatively affects our society as a whole. Services such as a decent education, good quality health care, housing and many other aspects of the average American’s daily lives are extremely difficult for those suffering from poverty to attain. This social problem can perpetuate in a never ending cycle in an individual’s family. Impoverished parents who put their children into below average schools are not able to compete in society for a decent job and the circle progresses throughout generations of a family. Poverty creates a â€Å"the haves and have nots† type of society that distinctly separates those who have these services at their disposal and those who do not. Hypotheses: The demographic factors that has an impact on poverty in the United States are race and socioeconomic status or class. White privilege is quite apparent in the United States and minorities are, in result, oppressed by this aspectShow MoreRelatedPoverty and Its Effect on Society1421 Words   |  6 PagesPOVERTY AND ITS EFFECT ON SOCIETY Poverty and its Effect on Society Le’Quisha Davis SOC 100 – Introduction to Sociology Professor Lisa Riggleman-Gross January 29, 2012 Abstract The United States has one of the strongest economies in the world. Even in light of recent events such as the economic collapse and recession, the U.S. reported a Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of $47,200 per capita in 2010 (estimated). The U.S. has maintained its status as the largestRead MorePoverty And Its Effects On Society1557 Words   |  7 Pagesfactor is poverty; which is arguably the most far-reaching, long-standing cause of chronic suffering there is. Poverty is a severely embedded wound that infiltrates every aspect of culture and society. It may include a lack of services for education, health care, stores and governmental structures; Thus leading to a depletion of communal facilities like water, sanitation, transportation, roads, and communication. There’s been former disputes regarding the morality of chronic widespread poverty and whatRead MorePoverty And Its Effects On Society1566 Words   |  7 Pages Poverty is about not having enough money to meet basic nee ds including food, clothing and shelter. However poverty is more than not just having money. In addition to a lack of money, poverty is about not being able to participate in recreational activities; Not being able to send children on a day trip with classmates or to a birthday party, and not being able to pay for medications in times of illness. The poorest people will also have less access to health, education and other vital services.Read MorePoverty And Its Effects On Society1521 Words   |  7 PagesPoverty is one of the concepts that are created through corruption. Poverty is defined as a situation in which a person s income is inadequate to provide the necessities of life. This is apparent through the work of slaves as they mine diamonds without pay. They are threatened and forced to mine diamonds or else they will be killed or harmed in other ways. The companies such as Van De Kaap are exploiting workers as they are able to mine diamonds through free labour. Solomon Va ndy, one of theRead MorePoverty And Its Effects On The Society1777 Words   |  8 PagesPoverty is an inherent adjective that must be associated with socialism. There has always been a desire to extinguish poverty and craft an equal and fraternal society in the socialist agenda (Luxemburgo, 1976). Unfortunately, with the idea of nationalized equality and the eradication of the social evil that poverty represents, the proponents of this social system have sought to abolish consumerism and the flow of goods that citizens experience by extinguishing consumption and limiting resources (MillerRead MorePoverty And The Effect On Our Society1694 Words   |  7 Pages Poverty and the effect it has on our society, and our students are an uncomfortable topic for some people to approach. We as a culture sometimes like to assume that this is an unfortunate phenomenon that occurs outside of the United States, far removed from our first world resources. In reality we are surrounded by poverty, w ether or not we realize that truth is determined by our perception of others around us. In the book â€Å"Teaching with Poverty in Mind† by Eric Jensen, we are forced to learn aboutRead MoreThe Effects Of Childhood Poverty On The Community And Society Essay2484 Words   |  10 Pages This paper will be introducing and discussing child poverty. The focus will be on the ongoing problem of child poverty within developed countries and the negative consequence of child poverty including its impacts on economic and social chances for those in poverty. I will be seeking to determine the negative effects of childhood poverty on the individual, whether that be an immediate effect, a lasting long-term effect, or something that does not show up until later on in life. Secondly IRead MoreDetermining The Main Cause Of Criminal Behavior1569 Words   |  7 Pagesenvironment? Crime can be defined in many different ways; different societies all over the world choose to define crimes differently. Poverty and crime have a very close relationship. The UN and the / World Bank have crime listed as one of the obstacles to tackle a country’s development. Countries and governments that are dealing with poverty often also have to tackle the issue of crime as they try to develop their country’s economy and society. A particular social problem like those categorized as economicRead MorePoverty As A Social Problem1739 Words   |  7 Pages Poverty as a Social Problem Magdalena Brania Mrs. Kropf May 27, 2015 Poverty is inscribed in the history of the world, but it is not inherent fate of every human being. It is also not related to the human nature, which does not mean that it can not be due to its nature. All communities experience it, with a greater or lesser extent way causing psychological and sociological conflicts. Society who have to deal with poverty is not only from undeveloped countries, but also developedRead MoreThe Effect of Poverty on Childrens Lives1172 Words   |  5 Pages‘Poverty is not just a disadvantaged and insecure economic condition, it is also understood in terms of how people in poverty interact with the wider society’. (Combat Poverty Agency, 2008, p3). Lack of money results in people not being able to adapt to the norm and socialise with others which has a huge effect how people are treated in their everyday life. This leads to isolation, shame and unacceptable living conditions which has a huge impact on the child’s life. (Combat Povert y Agency, 2008)

Critical Criminology Free Essays

CHAPTER 1 CRIME THEORY: CRITICAL CRIMINOLOGY There could be different reasons of increasing crimes. One of the obvious reasons is poverty and social injustice. Most of the people engaged in crime either don’t have proper source of income or they are socially discriminated. We will write a custom essay sample on Critical Criminology or any similar topic only for you Order Now So the main reason of crime is poverty and social injustice. Most of the places with high poverty and social injustice have high crime rate (Jerry, 1995). The most important policy implications that would be most successful in reducing crime and/or rehabilitating convicted offenders in long term are critical criminology theories. In critical criminology crimes are defined in terms of domination. That is if some class or group is dominant than they can make social concept lawful and unlawful. Lower class, single parent women, poor people and minorities mainly suffer due to domination factor by others (Hopkin, 2001). 1. 1 Broad Problem Area: â€Å"Importance of Critical Criminology in Reducing Crimes† Justice system around the world is not strong enough to reduce crimes. So we need alternative approach through which criminals can become useful and productive member of the society. It’s not easy to completely change justice system but it’s not difficult to make criminals better citizens as well. Critical criminology is an effective way to reduce social injustice and crimes. Concept of critical criminology came in late sixties and early seventies. It mainly deals with the dominative and differential relation between different groups on the basis of demographic factors such as age, gender, ethnicity, minorities, cultures, values and social groups. This culture and social diversity was created due to migrations and human nature. Social indifferences are another form of injustice. It’s important to support these peoples who are being discriminated (Bauman and Tester, 2001). According to Wikipedia Encyclopedia, in critical criminology the scope of crimes is defined differently on the basis of social circumstances and time period of their occurrence. Critical criminology is somewhat different from basic study of criminology that deals with criminals and their behaviors. The basic idea of critical criminology is that the social and past trends would define whether some thing is unlawful or not at given time. There could be different things that are considered to be unlawful in past but now they are lawful and same goes with those things which are lawful in past but now they are unlawful. Such as marriage of homosexuals was considered to be unlawful in past but now with the passage of time societies are accepting this and making laws to protect marriages of homosexuals. This is not possible that all the studies on crimes are dealing with modern social life but they are some way connected to the present (Garland, 1999). There could be different theories that could emerges from critical criminology such as conflict theories, feminist theories, postmodern and peacemaking theories. A conflict theory of criminology is not accepted largely by criminologist because they think conflict theories don’t address the criminal activities in socialist and capitalist societies. Feminist theories define that crime done by males and crimes done by females should be viewed differently. They give new aspect to criminology on the basis of gender. Critical criminologists have different views and way of resolving crimes. These two theories are mainly recognized around the world. Main emphasis is given to relation between criminals and societies. Even feminist criminologists don’t properly represent gender prospective and take back their views after failure of other criminologists (Van, 1997). There is a difference between critical criminology and conventional criminology. Conventional criminology is not dealing with activities which are affecting life of thousands of people such as politicians’ decisions that could affect millions of people, corporate scandals that affected thousands of workers, stock market manipulations that affected thousand of investors and also discriminations of minorities that have no end. Conventional laws do not answer these structural disparities that helps dominate group to take advantage of it. Conventional criminology is dealing with state defined crimes but not the crimes that are harming society ocially (Stephen, 1983). Criminologists working to find ways to resolve or to reduce crimes are not able to identify or not able to provide any authentic procedures to resolve crimes (Braithwaite, 1998). And also they didn’t even give importance to issues or difference created due to power and state (Cunneen and White 1996). This is still a claim that critical craniologist are more inclined towards gaining some pos ition and recognition rather than actually doing some thing for society to protect human rights and to promote justice in society. Since 1960, activists in human rights and social justice are molding progress in critical criminology theory. There is a relation between criminologists and social human right moments (Braithwaite, 1989). Critical criminologist overstates the crime problem in society. Instead of removing the mystery that crimes are not their and its media created etc. they should accept crimes as a dilemma of powerless. They must not criticize criminal system by keeping this fact in mind that it is created by undue protection given to the privileged class. There is a cause effect relationship between crimes and poverty, racism, discrimination, social injustice, racisms etc. Critical criminoloiges must keep this in mind while evaluating crimes. However, critical criminology and traditional criminology should not work in different ways rather they should work together in the same way. (Cohen, 1998). 1. 2 Problem Statement: â€Å"Is Critical thinking is helpful to reduce crimes and able to reduce social injustice from society†. 1. 3 Purpose Significance of Study The main purpose of this study is to identify the importance of critical criminology in order to reduce crimes. This study will also identify other ways to reduce crimes and their effectiveness. And it will also explain what factors are responsible for crimes. This study will help policy makers and law enforcing agencies to avoid crimes by using proper critical criminology theories. 1. 4 Research Questions The aim of this research is to study, 1) How do people perceive that critical criminology can reduce crimes? 2) How do people perceive the role of critical criminology in order to reduce injustice from society? ) How do people perceive that critical criminology approach is better way to reduce crime rather than conventional criminology approach? 1. 5 Theoretical Diagram In this diagram crimes reduction is dependent variable which depend on critical criminology that is independent variable. Critical Criminology method that properly identify social injustices that could change offend er future behavior towards crime and society support to accept these people as a useful member of society are intervening variable. These variables can assure the effectiveness of counseling treatment to reduce crimes. Independent Variable Dependent Variable Intervening Variable CHAPTER 2 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY This chapter presents the basic methodology and requirement in research. It includes the methods of research, the respondents and their description, sources of data, the sets of research instruments that were used, the treatment of data, and the statistical tools, which were used in this study. 2. 1 Method of the Study: The research utilized the descriptive method in acquiring information for evaluation and analysis. The descriptive survey was the general rocedure employed in a study that has for its chief purposes the description of the phenomena that is importance of critical criminology theory in reducing crimes from society by providing social injustice. 2. 2 Sample, Type of Questionnaire, Treatment of Data: The population for this research study was the general public. A random sample of 50 was taken from different places and different groups such as law enforcing agencies, co mmunity, criminologist etc. Researcher selected probability sampling, because every person had an equal chance of being selected. The survey questionnaire seeks the perception of the respondents with respect to factors important for crime reduction. In order to analyze the information given in the questionnaires, Likert scale had been applied in question 1 to question 9. The purpose is to evaluate effectiveness of counseling in crime reduction. 2. 3 Validation of the questionnaire: It was deemed necessary to revalidate the questionnaire to find out the clarity of the questions being asked as well as their relevance to the problems formulated. The validation of the questionnaire was done through the comments and suggestion by respondent. And also validation and reliability of research instrument used to get information that is questionnaire is done by implementing it to different places and same results were extracted from every place. 2. 4 Statistical Tools: Researcher used frequency and percentage distribution to determine the relationships of the variables and give clear and reliable analysis and interpretation of the data. The formula is; % = F/N ? 100 % = percentage F = frequency N = number of respondent CHAPTER 3 QUESTIONNAIRE ANALYSIS, FINDINGS CONCLUSION 3. 1 Questionnaire Analysis: Respondent responded in the following way: Topic Based on Questionnaire |Highly Disagree | Disagree | Moderately | |Highly Agree | | | | | |Agree | | |Critical criminology is providing support to poor, minority |11% |18% |25% |42% |4% | |and low social class group | | | | | | |Critical criminology theory is important to reduce social |0% |0% |14% |57% |29% | |differences | | | | | | |Main reason of increasing crime rate is socia l injustice |3% |10% |21% |40% |26% | |Critical criminology is playing important role in order to |11% |28% |31% |26% |4% | |highlight social injustices | | | | | | |Critical criminology is different from conventional |29% |36% |19% |10% |6% | |criminology | | | | | | |There is a difference of opinion among critical criminologist |18% |24% |21% |30% |7% | |Critical criminologists are criticizing conventional justice |17% |19% |23% |35% |6% | |system that it supports to powerful class | | | | | | Social movement regarding human rights and social justice is |0% |0% |9% |55% |36% | |supporting critical criminologist | | | | | | |Critical criminologists are working for their recognition |26% |37% |21% |10% |6% | |rather than to support social injustice | | | | | | 3. 2 Findings Conclusion: On the basis of the questionnaire, most of the respondent responded that critical criminology is providing support to poor, minority and low social class group and critical criminology theory is imp ortant to reduce social differences †¢ On the basis of the questionnaire, most of the respondent agreed on a statement that main reason of increasing crime rate is social injustice and critical criminology is playing important role in order to highlight social injustices †¢ On the basis of the questionnaire, most of the respondent responded moderately agreed on a statement that critical criminology is different from conventional criminology and there is a difference of opinion among critical criminologist †¢ On the basis of the questionnaire, most of the respondent responded that critical criminologists are criticizing conventional justice system that it supports to powerful class and social movement regarding human rights and social justice is supporting critical criminologist. In these days societies are giving more focus to crime, victimization, regulation, punishment, with respect to human rights, equity, social justice, well being of the community, and globalizat ion. More activists are taking interest in decreasing discrimination and imbalances in societies. They are trying to gather more people to take action for the betterment of society and this will affect both antiestablishment and establishment criminologies. If model of Mutualism develops with the same pace than critical criminologists have to revise their studies and ways to resolve crimes. They have to establish the relation between antiestablishment and establishment criminologies not for individual but for the society. Now societies are moving from equal rights and equal justice to human rights and social justice due to social movement to protect rights. References: Bauman, Z. , Tester, K. (2001). Conversations with Zygmunt Bauman. Cambridge: Polity Press. Braithwaite, J. 1989. Crime, Shame and Reintegration. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. Braithwaite, J. 1998. Reducing the Crime Problem: A Not So Dismal Criminology. The New Criminology Revisited, London: Macmillan. Chan, J. 1996. Crime Prevention and the Lure of Relevance. Australian and New Zealand. Journal of Criminology, 27(1): 25-9. Cunneen, C. , and White, R. 1996. Juvenile Justice: An Australian Perspective. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press Garland, D. (1999). The Commonplace and the Catastrophic. Theoretical Criminology, 3(3), pp. 353-64. Hopkins, B. R. (2001). An Introduction to Criminological Theory. Cullompton: Willan pg. 173 Jerry, B. (1995). Crime Control: We the People. Radio broadcasts. North Coast XPress. Stephen, B. 1983. Power Crime. Van, S. R. (1997). Critical Criminology: Visions from Europe. London: Sage Wikipedia Encyclopedia. Critical Criminology. 2008. Retrieved on 12 July 2008 from http:// en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Critical_criminology QUESTIONNAIRE: RESEARCH PAPER CRIME THEORY: CRITICAL CRIMINOLOGY Direction: Please indicate the degree of importance as perceived by you, by putting a tick mark opposite to each of the number item showing the degree of perception. Scale |Weights | |Highly Disagree |1 | |Disagree |2 | |Moderately |3 | |Agree |4 | |Highly Agree |5 | 1) At what extent do you think critical criminology is providing support to poor, minority and low social class group? Highly Disagree Highly Agree 1 2 3 4 5 2) At what extent do you think critical criminology theory is important to reduce soc ial differences? Highly Disagree Highly Agree 1 2 3 4 5 3) At what extent do you think main reason of increasing crime rate is social injustice? Highly Disagree Highly Agree 1 2 3 4 5 4) At what extent do you think critical criminology is playing important role in order to highlight social injustices? Highly Disagree Highly Agree 1 2 3 4 5 5) At what extent do you think critical criminology is different from conventional criminology? Highly Disagree Highly Agree 1 2 3 4 5 6) At what extent do you think there is a difference of opinion among critical criminologist? Highly Disagree Highly Agree 1 2 3 4 5 7) At what extent do you think critical criminologists are criticizing conventional justice system that it supports to powerful class? Highly Disagree Highly Agree 1 2 3 4 5 ) At what extent do you think social movement regarding human rights and social justice is supporting critical criminologist? Highly Disagree Highly Agree 1 2 3 4 5 9) At what extent do you think critical criminologists are working for their recognition rather than to support social injustice? Highly Disagree Highly Agree 1 2 3 4 5 ———————– Critical Criminology CRIMES REDUCTION Feminist Theory Conflict Theory Postmodern Peacemaking Theories How to cite Critical Criminology, Papers