Media & Invasion of Privacy

LAGOS STATE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF COMMUNICATION A TERM PAPER SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE COURSE: ETHICS AND PROFESSIONAL Practice (MAC 854) LECTURER: DR. JIMI KAYODE TITLE: MEDIA AND THE INVASION OF PRIVACY BY AKANDE ADEFEYISAYO ADEBOLARINWA †¢ SUBMITTED ON 30th JANUARY, 2010 INTRODUCTION Media experts have the capacity of social occasion, preparing and spreading news thing to a heterogeneous huge crowd which regularly not finished in view of sound good judgment lands them into pool of grieved waters. Big names, lawmakers and other looked for after wellsprings of news have after some time communicated reasonable anguish over the decreasing parts of their lives that are not, at this point liberated from prying eyes and distribution from the press. They routinely declare that individuals from the media damages their security dependent on their need to distribute any report that comes their way for the primary motivation behind benefit and essentially can not recognize what kind of data is private, open or newsworthy. Columnists, in any case, regularly have assorted ideas of security and newsworthiness, and realize that the issue is increasingly confused dependent on the way that announcing reports such that serves and advises the open will frequently require publicizing subtleties or showing pictures that will embarrass or outrage somebody. To make security issues considerably progressively confused for columnists, courts continually rethink what is private dependent on understandings of the slippery lawful standard of a â€Å"reasonable desire for protection. ( www. winning-newsmedia. com/security) â€Å"The U. S. Incomparable Courts admonishing of the media in the 1999 â€Å"ride along† cases for an apparent absentmindedness to the protection privileges of the individuals highlighted in the news in all probability mirrors the present demeanor of numerous appointed authorities and legislators and, in this way, underscores the significance for writers to know about general security standards. † (www. associatedcontent. com/subject) The interruption and distribution of private pictures can open columnists to overpowering monetary risk if a court discovers that a news association has attacked a person’s protection. The intrusion of another’s security is a tort, which means a common wrong against another that outcomes in injury. A security tort happens when an individual or element breaks the obligation to disregard someone else. At the point when columnists barge in on a person’s protection and cause passionate or financial injury, they might be compelled to pay harms. To stay away from claims, writers must know how the law works while looking to adjust the contending interests of the press and general society against the protection interests of the subjects of the reports. Writers regularly run opposite of this tort through the way toward social affair data. Activities that may abuse this security right incorporate interruption onto private property, hid perception and the beguiling access into private zones. Direct that attacks security may likewise disregard the criminal law. When all is said in done, courts have held that columnists must comply with every single applicable law. In Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn, 420 U. S. 469 (1975) â€Å"the U. S. Preeminent Court noticed that in protection tort, cases of security most straightforwardly stand up to the established rights to speak freely and press†. www. definitions. uslegal. com) This investigation gives an all inclusive clarification of every protection tort and related reasons for activity. The protection realities tort presents the agitating conditions wherein writers might be obligated for financial harms for inclusion of news thing. In a few cases the Supreme Court has held that â€Å" where a paper distributes honest data which it has legitimately gotten, discipline may legally be forced, if by any stretch of the imagination, just when barely customized to a state enthusiasm of the most elevated request. Florida Star v. B. J. F. , 491 U. S. 524, 541 (1989). Despite the fact that the Supreme Court has kept states from rebuffing writers who distributed lawfully acquired names of adolescent wrongdoers and assault casualties, the Court has not totally dismissed the private realities tort in this unique circumstance. Despite the fact that violations, for example, assault are newsworthy and newsworthiness is a barrier to a private realities suit, not all courts have concurred that the personality of an assault casualty is newsworthy. Aside from report either in the communicate or in the print medium, photography has likewise been seen as representing some supreme issues in security law, comprehensively, the lawful examination for intrusion of protection through pictures matches the investigation for attacks through words. Basically, the extent of this examination is essentially to investigation the basic idea of protection laws, the different kinds that a broad communications specialist can cross paths with throughout their obligation and its suggestion for the general public all in all. Rise of Privacy Laws: Worries about nosy paper detailing were primarily the start of the law of security. Around then, metropolitan every day papers utilized an assortment of exciting data to draw in expected perusers. Media specialists regularly played out the lives of the rich and celebrated on the pages of their paper, allowing their perusers to vicariously appreciate the riches and the status of the VIP. It was the sort of news coverage presently ordinarily alluded to as â€Å"yellow journalism† that drove two Boston attorneys, Samuel D. Warren and Louis Brandeis to utilize the pages of the Harvard Law Review to prescribe a formally archived right to security named â€Å"The Right to Privacy† in 1890. In this way, their undertaking can be reasonably alluded to as the source from which the law of protection grew from. In their words as refered to in Pember and Calvert, 2006: To fulfill a lewd taste the subtleties of sexual relations are spread communicated in the segments of the every day papers. To possess the lethargic, segment upon section is loaded up with inactive tattle, which must be obtained by interruption upon the household circle†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. The customary law has consistently perceived a man’s house as his palace, invulnerable, frequently, even to its own officials occupied with the execution of its orders. Will the courts close the front access to comprised authority, and open wide the indirect access to sit or salacious interest? Warren and Brandeis unequivocally recommended that individuals ought to have the option to go to courts to stop such unjustifiable interruptions and furthermore to make sure about fiscal harms for the hardship or enthusiastic misery they experienced prying and from distribution of private materials about them. The subject of when the inclusion and detailing of news turned into an intrusion of protection is a troublesome one, particularly for picture takers and videographers. Thus, the mix of an absence of away from of security norms and an acknowledgment of level of protection places media specialists in a problematic position. In Sanders v. American Broadcasting Cos. , Inc. , 978 P. 2d 67 Cal. 1999, â€Å"the California Supreme Court held in 1999 that even a representative who holds a discussion in an open office space and caught by associates can seek after an intrusion of protection guarantee if that discussion is recorded by a reporter’s concealed camera. The court dismissed the thought of protection as a â€Å"all-or-nothing† idea and depicted a â€Å"expectation of constrained privacy† as follows: †¢ An abstract desire for security is an assessment of an individual that a specific spot or circumstance is private. †¢ A target, genuine or sensible desire for security is a desire for protection perceived by society Under various conditions, in any case, courts have built up that news media are legitimized in doing what their subjects may feel is intrusive. ( wikipedia: 2002) Definitions: As per the United Nations’ Universal Declaration of Human Rights Resolution 219A (III), Article 12 of 10 December 1948 as refered to in Malemi (2002: 163): No one will be exposed to discretionary impedance with his security, family, home or correspondence, nor assaults upon his respect and notoriety. Everybody has the option to the security of the law against such impedance or assaults. Protection alludes essentially to a person’s option to be disregarded by the media, not really a physical interruption into one's private property or individual space. Intrusion of security charges are typically introduced in a common claim against news sources that have crossed an apparent line into a VIP or other open figure's private life, or have utilized their resemblance or name in an unapproved open way Privacy law is the region of law worried about the assurance and safeguarding of the protection privileges of people. Progressively, governments and different publics just as private associations gather huge measures of individual data about people for an assortment of purposes. The law of security controls the sort of data which might be gathered and how the data might be utilized. The Right to Privacy: According to the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, part IV, Section 37 on the privilege to private and family life says: â€Å"Citizens have right to security of themselves, their homes, correspondence, phone and transmitted interchanges. † An infringement of this rights adds up to intrusion of protection. Cures would then be able to be sought after in the courts when anybody goes in opposition to the above arrangements. The privilege of security is a custom-based law reason for activity that is an ongoing lawful turn of events. The U. S. Constitution contains no immediate references to one side of protection, despite the fact that the Fourth Amendment states: â€Å"The right of the individuals to be secure in their people, houses, papers, and impacts, against nonsensical quests and seizures, will not be violated†¦ † The privilege of protection contends with the opportunity of the press just as the enthusiasm of the general population in the free scattering of news and data, and these p

“That lightsaber belongs to me!”: Star Wars the Gender Swap

Quite a while prior in a cosmic system far away†¦ the very words that started one of the world's generally perceived and settled establishments. Star Wars, an adored arrangement that keeps on having a consistently developing fan base. In any case, when one considers the fan base of the film arrangement, it is anything but difficult to connect its picture with that of a male figure. During the first set of three fans had Luke Skywalker, Han Solo, Obi-Wan Kenobi, Darth Vader and Princess Leia. In the prequels there was Anakin, Mace Windu, Count Dooku, Yoda, and Padame. Seeing a pattern here? These characters somewhat satisfy the job of the original male saint with a female buddy, which is something the crowd is acclimated with seeing, however normally they are not no different. Why would that be? Maybe that is simply the inquiry watchers should pose to when watching anything from the Star Wars arrangement. It is nothing unexpected that Star Wars is an arrangement cherished by numerous individuals all through the world, as it offers a feeling of sci-fi and epic interpretation of imagination. In any case, it has been perceived to have somewhat of a sexual orientation issue or experience the ill effects of what is known as the â€Å"Smurfette Effect†. Much like its partners in Lord of the Rings, and Harry Potter, which offers different male-drove jobs, joined by a couple of other female jobs. In the first set of three †scenes four through six †the three fundamental characters that stood out were perceived as Luke Skywalker (Mark Hamil), Han Solo (Harrison Ford), and Leia Organa (Carrie Fisher). In any case, the job that stood apart the most was that of Princess Leia, known as the pioneer of the renegade partnership, and famous figure who had the fortitude and potential to disassemble the tasks of the individuals who tried to wreck all that she represented. She even was introduced the chance to spare such male jobs and stayed as the main enabled female character all through each of the three unique movies. Be that as it may, this was totally seen as an auxiliary idea as the jobs played by men were viewed as the essential element to the arrangement, yet this despite everything was viewed as a significant forward leap for females in film. Around the time the arrangement was discharged the job and thought for a solid female lead character to exist was progressive and majorly affected the manner in which watchers and chiefs took a gander at films and the manner in which female jobs were dealt with. This obviously would set the way for future movies to be discharged. We would see this indeed when the prequel films were discharged †scenes one through 3 †as characters, for example, Padme Amidalla, Keira Knightley, and other female Jedi jobs became known. By and by these characters were depicted to be ladies of intensity and saw as an incredible significance to the general population. Nonetheless, by and by these highlights were seen as a qualm and taken behind the jobs of men and their significance to the arrangement. Making it nothing unexpected that the objective segment for the arrangement was overwhelmingly male-situated. Regardless of this, Star Wars has a group of people of female fans equivalent to those of their male partners and with such countless female fans. You would imagine that the universe would have progressively populated with jobs of lady sparkling past or sharing the jobs of men. Unfortunately, this was not the case and ladies introduced were frequently appeared to miss the mark concerning being any kind of good example like figure. It was viewed as if young men somehow happened to watch Star Wars films, they can worship or plays as Obi-Wan or Anakin, characters who were depicted to be clever, fearless, and would confront risk head on. Young ladies then again, would they say they should bolster being compliant, and needing a legend like that of Leia and Padme? Was this the pattern that the entirety of the arrangement movies would succumb to? Ladies relying upon men to shape and care for their prospects? These kinds of inquiries stayed unanswered for a very long time, until late years when the Star Wars establishment reported it would come back to the big screen in 2015 under the name â€Å"Star Wars: The Force Awakens†. Be that as it may, this would not be a â€Å"per usual† Star Wars film commanded by white male men and their optional female partners. No, this film looked to cancel the entirety of the stale qualities the arrangement had gotten known for, and chose to give the arrangement a bend nobody could have seen coming. As the film itself was given having the establishment's first female lead job, first female miscreant job, first African American lead, and incorporate progressively minor female characters in startling regions. The film was likewise set to have a wide This sent the world into a total craze as it had a blended gathering from fans. Some discovered they cherished and anticipated the possibility of a new interpretation of the arrangement and moving alongside present day times. Fans could now be available to a whole new world, and see what could emerge out of such a various cast of characters. Others in any case, resented this, and saw the arrangement falling prey to the social equity warrior developments and being just minor promulgation that would hurt the arrangement. Making numerous Men's Right Activists call for blacklists of the film, and different online fights, as a few expressed it was an assault on the hold men had all through the arrangement. In weeks prompting the arrival of the film, trailers and pictures taken for the film were labeled with â€Å"#BoycottStarWarsVII† and â€Å"#StarWarsaMensGalaxy†. In spite of the fights, and negative criticism from numerous activists and fans, the film produced $529 million its initial week. Stepping out the notions that this one film would destroy the picture of Star Wars that was built up. In any case, the greatest triumph this movie had, was with its characters and their jobs in the movie as executive JJ Abrams clarified that The Force Awakens was something that would change the Star Wars until the end of time. Many estimated that, in spite of the most recent increases to the establishment would in any case be commanded by men, and have little traces of a lady being in power. In any case, when the film appeared many found the story's primary character, Rey, a puzzling character with a covered up backstory, was not just tricky and balanced. She was really autonomous, didn't depend on another character, end up in the center of an adoration scene, or enthusiastically sitting tight for a knight in sparkling covering to come make all the difference. The nearest she comes to something of that sort, is her friend Finn, who additionally made a sprinkle being the establishment's first African American lead job. Be that as it may, it seems to be two companions caring for each other, it could even be perceived as a bond carefully manufactured by endurance. In any case, this was not by any means the only stunner of the film, as another contort to the plot of the story comes during the peak of the film. When Rey would even annihilation, and overwhelm the movies just white rival known as Kylo Ren in a lightsaber fight. Some would state that it was one of the most awful battle scenes on a Star Wars film to date, however not on the off chance that you accept a more intensive look as the battle itself has a concealed importance. Investigating the battle scene, Kylo plays with Rey and doesn't look as a genuine adversary. Provoking her, and demonstrating his boss solidarity to push her to a debilitated state however at the one point he offers her an opportunity to go along with him as a student and encourage her what she needs as a Jedi. This can be viewed as a snapshot of man pounding the idea of a lady taking on such a job. Exhibiting that a lady, for example, Rey isn't intended to be so solid. That she isn't intended to remain as a warrior, or as somebody who can hold fast and can without much of a stretch fall prey to the expressions of a man who has all the earmarks of being more grounded and offers an exit plan a troublesome circumstance. Be that as it may, as Rey, battles to hold off her rival, she pauses for a minute to consider what her identity is, and why she is battling. She at that point gets engaged and fashions a more grounded bond among herself and the power which permits her to turn out to be more remarkable than Kylo could have ever become in such a brief timeframe. Rey, who has never battled with a lightsaber, never utilized the power in at any rate, or confronted a malevolent as solid as Kylo Ren rises successful. Establishing a connection with the youngster, and the crowd that this female character isn't one to be messed with along these lines, that ladies can take on such a job, and be similarly as acceptable of a Jedi warrior deserving of employing a lightsaber in fight. This scene alone can be demonstrated as one of the most notable, outwardly satisfying, and candid ever, with the straightforward message it brings through its activities and portrayal. Only one more thing for the world to experience passionate feelings for, and that it did. Following the accomplishment of the film came the huge interest for the toys, and computer game figures that general society would be available to gather and appreciate. The new line of Star Wars figures and computer games included pretty much each and every cast part and their ensembles, all aside from one significant piece. Rey herself, was not seen as remembered for any of the product created by toy merchant Hasbro, aside from one. One that was a piece of a â€Å"Speeder Bundle†, a pre-deal toy pack before the film was discharged. Be that as it may, this one toy completely denies Rey of any sexual orientation as she is completely veiled and dressed. One would not see it was a female character as a toy. This obviously drove a huge callout from fans and sex activists, both bringing up the issue with respect to why? For what reason was this significant female character being forgotten about when such huge numbers of were requiring her to show up? The appropriate response originated from an inside report from Hasbro that expressed toymakers were explicitly coordinated to prohibit Rey from their items in light of the fact that â€Å"Star Wars toys were intended for young men and young men don't care for playing with female activity figures. No kid needs to be given an item with a female character on it.† Which brought both Hasbro and Disney to approach and came up with a slight rationalization saying their goals were â€Å"mistaken, as

VQA

VQA I’ve decided I talk too much. I need to give some other people a chance, which is why I’ve been reaching out to others in the GEL Program lately for these blog posts. So when two friends in the GEL program told me they’d like to help with an entry, I decided to go all-out and get some video up in this blog. Joe ‘12, Kevin ‘11, and I met up to talk about GEL, IAP, MIT, and any other 3-lettered abbreviations we have in common. First, we’d like to introduce ourselves. Please excuse the rather, um, low lighting. Off camera, we talked about questions that prospective students or students interested in the GEL Program might ask, and we wrote our responses so that you can get several points-of-view on the same topics. Why did you apply to MIT? Joe: I knew I wanted to study electrical engineering, and MIT is fantastic for that. The general ethos I got from meeting with some professors (who I would go on to take classes from) was also very appealing. Maggie: I actually had a phase in high school where I thought I would never apply to MIT because I thought I wouldn’t “fit in” to such an engineering-focused institution. But I love Boston. And I loved my interview with my MIT EC. And I loved how Mystery Hunt was going on during my visit to campus. And I loved how people seemed to have true passions in what they did, whether that’s in programming or wooden roller coaster construction. I also loved that I could be on an athletics team or involved in a school newspaper with fellow engineers and scientists, not stereotypical “jocks” or students that don’t put academics first. And now I can’t imagine myself anywhere else. Kevin: So, I visited schools the summer before senior year, and MIT really stood out to me. I have to admit the academics seemed pretty daunting, but when I visited what really stood out was the culture. From the hackers scaling buildings under cover of night to the labs creating craziness in general, there really seemed to be a culture of It doesnt exist? Why not? Lets do it! And that I found really inspiring the idea that you can really do something with technology was awesome. I was told that learning to think like an engineer would be really useful and Ive always enjoyed building things / tinkering with projects, so MIT seemed like a great fit. Also Ive long had an interest in entrepreneurship. So, basically my criteria was: awesome engineering school where people do / theres a good environment for startups. MIT fit the bill and has really, really been both of those things for me. How did you find out about the GEL Program? Joe: At the suggestion of a friend of mine, currently a GEL2, I looked into the program and applied. Maggie: My advisor actually recommended it to me. The fact that someone personally brought up this opportunity made it seem like it was a good thing for me to explore. Kevin: I found out about GEL through some juniors and seniors that I knew in the program. I think I may have seen a flier, but I really dont remember. What I saw also was some of my peers who were working on really solid projects and really learning how to lead were also applying. Knowing that Id get to interact with awesome peers in a way that was outside classes really drew me to the program. Why did you apply to GEL? What attracted you most? Joe: GEL seemed different than most leadership programs programs that I frankly have little respect for, because they seem to conflate giving a pep talk and a pamphlet with training in leadership or management. The program, like MIT as a whole, places a large emphasis on experience and actually doing things. The [Engineering Leadership Laboratories, or] ELLs, and ESD.950 experiences Maggie talks about are not unusual or uncommon experiences highlighted to make the blog more interesting (well, maybe the LEGO airplanes are. Most of the time we dont get to play with my childhood toys) rather, they are the fundamental components of the program and the courses that comprise it. That learn by doing philosophy is probably the programs biggest selling point. Maggie: I have a good friend in the program who’s also a chemical engineer and I think that whatever she does is cool so I followed suit. I sat in on an ELL and was really impressed with everyone’s energy. People came right up to me and introduced themselves, and I thought These are the kinds of people I want to work with. The staff, too, is very committed to its students. They seemed to make the students more confident in their abilities. What surprised you about the GEL Program? Joe: It actually challenged me. Most of my classes have definite answers â€" with enough time and reasonable diligence, every problem set has an answer. Sure, you can vary your assumptions or the specific method you use, but at the end of the day youre arguing over degrees of rightness. Not so in dealing with people and projects. I was surprised by the level of thought and rigor that you can put into everyday interactions, and more importantly, how large of an improvement you get from doing so. Maggie: It’s the first time I look forward to working in a group. Everyone applied to this program, and so we all aspire to develop the capabilities of effective leadership, and group work goes hand in hand with these capabilities. I trust that fellow GELs will respect deadlines and deliver quality results. Kevin: What surprised me about GEL, though I suppose its probably a pre-requisite for entering the program, was the idea that you could actually learn how to be a better leader through practice. Like skills learned at MIT, its NOT something youre born with. In addition, the simulations in GEL are something I have taken outside to more real decisions. In starting my own company in college (doing laser-etched business cards) and starting a music club, I saw how much having a solid leader really mattered. Times when I fell short were often not even technical, but rather in terms of leading the team whether it was providing a clear direction, setting expectations, or really meeting the needs of team members (leadership is definitely a serving endeavor.) I remember back to a really big product design class; I was supposed to help create a backboard for mountain rescue (see: Fortrus, circa 2009). When I didnt really step up and demonstrate leadership in terms of getting the materials, my team couldnt help me build it. As we missed deadline after deadline (really just one of the main important ones), it became clear that we needed to step up. One of the things we learn in GEL is an urgency to act I ordered the materials we built it. It was a super-crazy 2 week race to the finish, but we got it done. Seeing how my classmates in the GEL program have done that in their organizations has inspired me to not let the backboard situation repeat itself, at least with the delays. Because the thing that I expected, but still never fails to amaze me is how awesome the people Ive interacted with in the program. They are students who are doing this so that they can really better serve their organizations, both in and out of MIT. So, in a way, the reasons that I entered have been beyond fulfilled, and though MIT often does that, it was most certainly a pleasant surprise here. Ive learned (and will continue to learn) lessons that I will most certainly take into the real world as I endeavor to become a no-holds-barred entrepreneur. ================================== Okay, this is a lot of content, so I’ll be back later to post a video of our conversation about some of our favorite GEL experiences! What a teaser!

What Do All of the Census Abbreviations Mean

No matter where in the world they are taken, census schedules usually offer very little room. Therefore, census takers often found it necessary to use abbreviations to get all of the required information onto the census form. These abbreviations – ranging from Na for naturalized to AdD for adopted daughter — can provide important information that may be critical to your research. Citizenship Status Census Abbreviations Al - Alien (not naturalized)Pa - First papers filed (declaration of intent)Na - NaturalizedNR - Not recorded or not reported Household Soundex Abbreviations Ad - Adopted AdAdCl - Adopted ChildAdD - Adopted DaughterAdGcl - Adopted GrandchildAdM - Adopted MotherAdS - Adopted SonAp - ApprenticeAt - AttendantAsst - AssistantA - AuntAl - Aunt-In-LawBar - BartenderBo - BoarderB Boy - Bound BoyB Girl - Bound GirlB - BrotherBl - Brother-In-LawBu - ButlerCap - CaptainCha - ChambermaidCl - ChildCoa - CoachmanCom - CompanionC - CousinCil - Cousin-In-LawD - DaughterDl - Daughter-In-LawDla - Day LaborerDw - Dish WasherDom - DomesticEmp - EmployeeEn - EngineerFaH - Farm HandFaL - Farm LaborerFaW - Farm WorkerF - FatherFl - Father-In-LawFi - FiremanFirst C - First CousinFoB - Foster BrotherFB - Foster BrotherFoSi - Foster SisterFS - Foster SisterFoS - Foster SonGod Child GodGo - GovernessGcl - GrandchildGd - GranddaughterGf - GrandfatherGM - GrandmotherGml - Grandmother-In-LawGs - Grand SonGsl - Grand Son-In-LawGGF - Great GrandfatherGGM - Great GrandmotherGGGF - Great Great GrandfatherGGGM - Great Great GrandmotherGni - Great- or GrandnieceGn - Great- or GrandnephewGua - GuardianHSi - Half SisterHSil - Half Sister-In-LawHb - Half BrotherHbl - Half Brother-In-LawHelp - HelperHe - HerderHGi - Hired GirlHH - Hired HandHlg - HirelingHk - HousekeeperHMaid - HousemaidHw - House WorkerLa- LaborerLau - LaundryL - LodgerMan - ManagerMat - MatronM - MotherMl - Mother-In-LawN - NephewNl - Nephew-In-LawNi - NieceNil - Niece-In-LawNi - NurseO - OfficerPa - PartnerP - PatientPh - PhysicianPor - PorterPri - PrincipalPr - PrisonerPrv - PrivatePu - PupilR - RoomerSa - SailorSal - SalesladySe - ServantSeCl - Servants ChildSi - SisterS - SonSl - Son-In-LawSb - Step BrotherSbl - Step Brother-In-LawScl - Step ChildSd - Step DaughterSdl - Step Daughter-In-LawSf - Step FatherSfl - Step Father-In-LawSgd - Step GranddaughterSgs - Step GrandsonSm - Step MotherSml - Step Mother-In-LawSsi - Step SisterSsil - Step Sister-In-LawSs - Step SonSsl - Step Son-In-LawSu - SuperintendentTen - TenantU - UncleUl - Uncle-In-LawVi - VisitorWt - WaiterWai - WaitressWa - WardenW - WifeWkm - Workman Language and Nativity Census Codes X0 - foreign bornX9 - born at sea Military Status From column 30 of the 1910 census: UA - Survivor of the Union ArmyUN - Survivor of the Union NavyCA - Survivor of the Confederate ArmyCN - Survivor of the Confederate Navy

Poverty And Its Effects On Society - 1352 Words

Poverty is a current social problem that is relevant to American society. Being an impoverished individual in this society places the individual and his or her family at a major disadvantage. According to the United States Census Bureau, 45.3 million American citizens lived in poverty in 2013. Poverty has an impact on society as well as the individual. Higher rates of poverty could lead to higher criminal activity. Individuals who are not sufficiently financially supported will most likely turn to crime in order to make the money that they need. Clearly, a spike in crime rates negatively affects our society as a whole. Services such as a decent education, good quality health care, housing and many other aspects of the average American’s daily lives are extremely difficult for those suffering from poverty to attain. This social problem can perpetuate in a never ending cycle in an individual’s family. Impoverished parents who put their children into below average schools are not able to compete in society for a decent job and the circle progresses throughout generations of a family. Poverty creates a â€Å"the haves and have nots† type of society that distinctly separates those who have these services at their disposal and those who do not. Hypotheses: The demographic factors that has an impact on poverty in the United States are race and socioeconomic status or class. White privilege is quite apparent in the United States and minorities are, in result, oppressed by this aspectShow MoreRelatedPoverty and Its Effect on Society1421 Words   |  6 PagesPOVERTY AND ITS EFFECT ON SOCIETY Poverty and its Effect on Society Le’Quisha Davis SOC 100 – Introduction to Sociology Professor Lisa Riggleman-Gross January 29, 2012 Abstract The United States has one of the strongest economies in the world. 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However poverty is more than not just having money. In addition to a lack of money, poverty is about not being able to participate in recreational activities; Not being able to send children on a day trip with classmates or to a birthday party, and not being able to pay for medications in times of illness. The poorest people will also have less access to health, education and other vital services.Read MorePoverty And Its Effects On Society1521 Words   |  7 PagesPoverty is one of the concepts that are created through corruption. Poverty is defined as a situation in which a person s income is inadequate to provide the necessities of life. This is apparent through the work of slaves as they mine diamonds without pay. They are threatened and forced to mine diamonds or else they will be killed or harmed in other ways. The companies such as Van De Kaap are exploiting workers as they are able to mine diamonds through free labour. 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Society who have to deal with poverty is not only from undeveloped countries, but also developedRead MoreThe Effect of Poverty on Childrens Lives1172 Words   |  5 Pages‘Poverty is not just a disadvantaged and insecure economic condition, it is also understood in terms of how people in poverty interact with the wider society’. (Combat Poverty Agency, 2008, p3). Lack of money results in people not being able to adapt to the norm and socialise with others which has a huge effect how people are treated in their everyday life. This leads to isolation, shame and unacceptable living conditions which has a huge impact on the child’s life. (Combat Povert y Agency, 2008)

Critical Criminology Free Essays

CHAPTER 1 CRIME THEORY: CRITICAL CRIMINOLOGY There could be different reasons of increasing crimes. One of the obvious reasons is poverty and social injustice. Most of the people engaged in crime either don’t have proper source of income or they are socially discriminated. We will write a custom essay sample on Critical Criminology or any similar topic only for you Order Now So the main reason of crime is poverty and social injustice. Most of the places with high poverty and social injustice have high crime rate (Jerry, 1995). The most important policy implications that would be most successful in reducing crime and/or rehabilitating convicted offenders in long term are critical criminology theories. In critical criminology crimes are defined in terms of domination. That is if some class or group is dominant than they can make social concept lawful and unlawful. Lower class, single parent women, poor people and minorities mainly suffer due to domination factor by others (Hopkin, 2001). 1. 1 Broad Problem Area: â€Å"Importance of Critical Criminology in Reducing Crimes† Justice system around the world is not strong enough to reduce crimes. So we need alternative approach through which criminals can become useful and productive member of the society. It’s not easy to completely change justice system but it’s not difficult to make criminals better citizens as well. Critical criminology is an effective way to reduce social injustice and crimes. Concept of critical criminology came in late sixties and early seventies. It mainly deals with the dominative and differential relation between different groups on the basis of demographic factors such as age, gender, ethnicity, minorities, cultures, values and social groups. This culture and social diversity was created due to migrations and human nature. Social indifferences are another form of injustice. It’s important to support these peoples who are being discriminated (Bauman and Tester, 2001). According to Wikipedia Encyclopedia, in critical criminology the scope of crimes is defined differently on the basis of social circumstances and time period of their occurrence. Critical criminology is somewhat different from basic study of criminology that deals with criminals and their behaviors. The basic idea of critical criminology is that the social and past trends would define whether some thing is unlawful or not at given time. There could be different things that are considered to be unlawful in past but now they are lawful and same goes with those things which are lawful in past but now they are unlawful. Such as marriage of homosexuals was considered to be unlawful in past but now with the passage of time societies are accepting this and making laws to protect marriages of homosexuals. This is not possible that all the studies on crimes are dealing with modern social life but they are some way connected to the present (Garland, 1999). There could be different theories that could emerges from critical criminology such as conflict theories, feminist theories, postmodern and peacemaking theories. A conflict theory of criminology is not accepted largely by criminologist because they think conflict theories don’t address the criminal activities in socialist and capitalist societies. Feminist theories define that crime done by males and crimes done by females should be viewed differently. They give new aspect to criminology on the basis of gender. Critical criminologists have different views and way of resolving crimes. These two theories are mainly recognized around the world. Main emphasis is given to relation between criminals and societies. Even feminist criminologists don’t properly represent gender prospective and take back their views after failure of other criminologists (Van, 1997). There is a difference between critical criminology and conventional criminology. Conventional criminology is not dealing with activities which are affecting life of thousands of people such as politicians’ decisions that could affect millions of people, corporate scandals that affected thousands of workers, stock market manipulations that affected thousand of investors and also discriminations of minorities that have no end. Conventional laws do not answer these structural disparities that helps dominate group to take advantage of it. Conventional criminology is dealing with state defined crimes but not the crimes that are harming society ocially (Stephen, 1983). Criminologists working to find ways to resolve or to reduce crimes are not able to identify or not able to provide any authentic procedures to resolve crimes (Braithwaite, 1998). And also they didn’t even give importance to issues or difference created due to power and state (Cunneen and White 1996). This is still a claim that critical craniologist are more inclined towards gaining some pos ition and recognition rather than actually doing some thing for society to protect human rights and to promote justice in society. Since 1960, activists in human rights and social justice are molding progress in critical criminology theory. There is a relation between criminologists and social human right moments (Braithwaite, 1989). Critical criminologist overstates the crime problem in society. Instead of removing the mystery that crimes are not their and its media created etc. they should accept crimes as a dilemma of powerless. They must not criticize criminal system by keeping this fact in mind that it is created by undue protection given to the privileged class. There is a cause effect relationship between crimes and poverty, racism, discrimination, social injustice, racisms etc. Critical criminoloiges must keep this in mind while evaluating crimes. However, critical criminology and traditional criminology should not work in different ways rather they should work together in the same way. (Cohen, 1998). 1. 2 Problem Statement: â€Å"Is Critical thinking is helpful to reduce crimes and able to reduce social injustice from society†. 1. 3 Purpose Significance of Study The main purpose of this study is to identify the importance of critical criminology in order to reduce crimes. This study will also identify other ways to reduce crimes and their effectiveness. And it will also explain what factors are responsible for crimes. This study will help policy makers and law enforcing agencies to avoid crimes by using proper critical criminology theories. 1. 4 Research Questions The aim of this research is to study, 1) How do people perceive that critical criminology can reduce crimes? 2) How do people perceive the role of critical criminology in order to reduce injustice from society? ) How do people perceive that critical criminology approach is better way to reduce crime rather than conventional criminology approach? 1. 5 Theoretical Diagram In this diagram crimes reduction is dependent variable which depend on critical criminology that is independent variable. Critical Criminology method that properly identify social injustices that could change offend er future behavior towards crime and society support to accept these people as a useful member of society are intervening variable. These variables can assure the effectiveness of counseling treatment to reduce crimes. Independent Variable Dependent Variable Intervening Variable CHAPTER 2 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY This chapter presents the basic methodology and requirement in research. It includes the methods of research, the respondents and their description, sources of data, the sets of research instruments that were used, the treatment of data, and the statistical tools, which were used in this study. 2. 1 Method of the Study: The research utilized the descriptive method in acquiring information for evaluation and analysis. The descriptive survey was the general rocedure employed in a study that has for its chief purposes the description of the phenomena that is importance of critical criminology theory in reducing crimes from society by providing social injustice. 2. 2 Sample, Type of Questionnaire, Treatment of Data: The population for this research study was the general public. A random sample of 50 was taken from different places and different groups such as law enforcing agencies, co mmunity, criminologist etc. Researcher selected probability sampling, because every person had an equal chance of being selected. The survey questionnaire seeks the perception of the respondents with respect to factors important for crime reduction. In order to analyze the information given in the questionnaires, Likert scale had been applied in question 1 to question 9. The purpose is to evaluate effectiveness of counseling in crime reduction. 2. 3 Validation of the questionnaire: It was deemed necessary to revalidate the questionnaire to find out the clarity of the questions being asked as well as their relevance to the problems formulated. The validation of the questionnaire was done through the comments and suggestion by respondent. And also validation and reliability of research instrument used to get information that is questionnaire is done by implementing it to different places and same results were extracted from every place. 2. 4 Statistical Tools: Researcher used frequency and percentage distribution to determine the relationships of the variables and give clear and reliable analysis and interpretation of the data. The formula is; % = F/N ? 100 % = percentage F = frequency N = number of respondent CHAPTER 3 QUESTIONNAIRE ANALYSIS, FINDINGS CONCLUSION 3. 1 Questionnaire Analysis: Respondent responded in the following way: Topic Based on Questionnaire |Highly Disagree | Disagree | Moderately | |Highly Agree | | | | | |Agree | | |Critical criminology is providing support to poor, minority |11% |18% |25% |42% |4% | |and low social class group | | | | | | |Critical criminology theory is important to reduce social |0% |0% |14% |57% |29% | |differences | | | | | | |Main reason of increasing crime rate is socia l injustice |3% |10% |21% |40% |26% | |Critical criminology is playing important role in order to |11% |28% |31% |26% |4% | |highlight social injustices | | | | | | |Critical criminology is different from conventional |29% |36% |19% |10% |6% | |criminology | | | | | | |There is a difference of opinion among critical criminologist |18% |24% |21% |30% |7% | |Critical criminologists are criticizing conventional justice |17% |19% |23% |35% |6% | |system that it supports to powerful class | | | | | | Social movement regarding human rights and social justice is |0% |0% |9% |55% |36% | |supporting critical criminologist | | | | | | |Critical criminologists are working for their recognition |26% |37% |21% |10% |6% | |rather than to support social injustice | | | | | | 3. 2 Findings Conclusion: On the basis of the questionnaire, most of the respondent responded that critical criminology is providing support to poor, minority and low social class group and critical criminology theory is imp ortant to reduce social differences †¢ On the basis of the questionnaire, most of the respondent agreed on a statement that main reason of increasing crime rate is social injustice and critical criminology is playing important role in order to highlight social injustices †¢ On the basis of the questionnaire, most of the respondent responded moderately agreed on a statement that critical criminology is different from conventional criminology and there is a difference of opinion among critical criminologist †¢ On the basis of the questionnaire, most of the respondent responded that critical criminologists are criticizing conventional justice system that it supports to powerful class and social movement regarding human rights and social justice is supporting critical criminologist. In these days societies are giving more focus to crime, victimization, regulation, punishment, with respect to human rights, equity, social justice, well being of the community, and globalizat ion. More activists are taking interest in decreasing discrimination and imbalances in societies. They are trying to gather more people to take action for the betterment of society and this will affect both antiestablishment and establishment criminologies. If model of Mutualism develops with the same pace than critical criminologists have to revise their studies and ways to resolve crimes. They have to establish the relation between antiestablishment and establishment criminologies not for individual but for the society. Now societies are moving from equal rights and equal justice to human rights and social justice due to social movement to protect rights. References: Bauman, Z. , Tester, K. (2001). Conversations with Zygmunt Bauman. Cambridge: Polity Press. Braithwaite, J. 1989. Crime, Shame and Reintegration. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. Braithwaite, J. 1998. Reducing the Crime Problem: A Not So Dismal Criminology. The New Criminology Revisited, London: Macmillan. Chan, J. 1996. Crime Prevention and the Lure of Relevance. Australian and New Zealand. Journal of Criminology, 27(1): 25-9. Cunneen, C. , and White, R. 1996. Juvenile Justice: An Australian Perspective. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press Garland, D. (1999). The Commonplace and the Catastrophic. Theoretical Criminology, 3(3), pp. 353-64. Hopkins, B. R. (2001). An Introduction to Criminological Theory. Cullompton: Willan pg. 173 Jerry, B. (1995). Crime Control: We the People. Radio broadcasts. North Coast XPress. Stephen, B. 1983. Power Crime. Van, S. R. (1997). Critical Criminology: Visions from Europe. London: Sage Wikipedia Encyclopedia. Critical Criminology. 2008. Retrieved on 12 July 2008 from http:// en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Critical_criminology QUESTIONNAIRE: RESEARCH PAPER CRIME THEORY: CRITICAL CRIMINOLOGY Direction: Please indicate the degree of importance as perceived by you, by putting a tick mark opposite to each of the number item showing the degree of perception. Scale |Weights | |Highly Disagree |1 | |Disagree |2 | |Moderately |3 | |Agree |4 | |Highly Agree |5 | 1) At what extent do you think critical criminology is providing support to poor, minority and low social class group? Highly Disagree Highly Agree 1 2 3 4 5 2) At what extent do you think critical criminology theory is important to reduce soc ial differences? Highly Disagree Highly Agree 1 2 3 4 5 3) At what extent do you think main reason of increasing crime rate is social injustice? Highly Disagree Highly Agree 1 2 3 4 5 4) At what extent do you think critical criminology is playing important role in order to highlight social injustices? Highly Disagree Highly Agree 1 2 3 4 5 5) At what extent do you think critical criminology is different from conventional criminology? Highly Disagree Highly Agree 1 2 3 4 5 6) At what extent do you think there is a difference of opinion among critical criminologist? Highly Disagree Highly Agree 1 2 3 4 5 7) At what extent do you think critical criminologists are criticizing conventional justice system that it supports to powerful class? Highly Disagree Highly Agree 1 2 3 4 5 ) At what extent do you think social movement regarding human rights and social justice is supporting critical criminologist? Highly Disagree Highly Agree 1 2 3 4 5 9) At what extent do you think critical criminologists are working for their recognition rather than to support social injustice? Highly Disagree Highly Agree 1 2 3 4 5 ———————– Critical Criminology CRIMES REDUCTION Feminist Theory Conflict Theory Postmodern Peacemaking Theories How to cite Critical Criminology, Papers

Uncle Toms Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe and Incidents free essay sample

In The Life of A Slave Girl by Harriet Jacobs are two books which were written against slavery. Both authors are deeply against slavery and write these books to convince their audience that slavery is bad. They both want the reader to get an image of how slavery was about during the 1850s. Only difference is that Stowe writes about things that occur during the 1850s but are not based on a true story. In other words, Uncle Toms Cabin is fiction where has Jacobs book, it is an autobiography, a slave narrative. Even though Uncle Toms Cabin is fiction and Incidents In The Life of A Slave Girl is a life story, they both confirm the reality and viciousness of slavery by focusing in religion, mental and sexual abuse, and how slavery obliterates the moral principles of slaveholders. Religion played a major role during slavery. Not only was religion one of the main reasons as to way colored people (and the few white abolitionist there were) believed slavery was wrong but also because it was the only good there was during the 1800s. We will write a custom essay sample on Uncle Toms Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe and Incidents or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page During the 1800s, it was jam-packed with inequality. Therefore, religion was the hope towards freedom, love, and equality amongst all. In Stowes book, Uncle Tom was the most religious and noble character. In Jacobs book, Aunt Martha was the most religious and kind hearted. Both characters passed on the religious values to others. For example, after Uncle Toms death was it then that Mr. Shelby, Toms slaveholder, realize that in the eyes of God, Slavery was immoral. Mr. Shelby states, Witness, eternal God!. Oh, witness that, from this hour I will do what one man can drive out this curse of slavery from my land! (Stowe, 479). Mr. Shelby had basically said that with the help and guidance of God, and his determination, he was going to put a stop to slavery. He realized how slavery was not right and was determined to work against slavery from that very hour (meaning the moment poor Tom passed away). This part of the Story was Stowes way of conveying her message that through determination and the power of having religion/god in your life, it is the way Slavery would have an end to it. Another example from Stowes book is a quote from Mrs. Shelby. She states that This is a God’s curse on slavery†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦I was a fool to think I could make anything good out of such a deadly evil. It is a sin to hold a slave under laws like ours,†¦ (Stowe, 38). This is a perfect example of Stowes religious views stating that slavery is a sin, in others eyes, a crime and that because of those reasons it shall be prohibited. As for Jacobs, we get to read an actual event that happened during her time of being a slave. As mentioned before, religion was an important part of every slave. Jacobs gives us an example of how the white individual would try to use religion to lure the slaves to do as their master says. Knowing that religion was a big part of a slaves life and beliefs, their assumptions were that this type of preaching was actually going to affect and bring some senses into the slaves mind. A preacher named Mr. Pike would preach to the slaves stating that You must forsake your sinful ways, and be faithful servants. Obey your old master and your young master You must obey Gods Commandments. (Jacobs, 60). Next is how mental and sexual abuse confirms the viciousness of slavery. Jacob talks through out the book the way her master took away her Girlhood. Jacob discusses how women suffered just has bad as men did. Men did in fact undergo more physical abuses but throughout the book you can read how she and women in general endure the same pain. She states by saying that she then entered on [her] fifteenth year—a sad epoch in the life of a slave girl. [Her] master began to whisper foul words in [her] ear. (Jacobs, 26) With that being said, it began with foul words but then lead to the sexual abuse. Another example from the text was when she says that Slavery is terrible for men, but it is far more terrible for women. (Jacobs, 66) This example also informs us on how hard it was for her and for other slave women during those times. That is way it is harsh on a slave girl because they are forced to have sexual relations with their masters. As for mental cruelty, women are mentally being abused because they are tortured when they get separated from their children. For a mother, being away from your blood and flesh and knowing that they will probably have no more contact with them because they were sold, is terrible. An example from the text can be with A friend of hers named Fanny stating that dwelled agony but did not suffer the same as her because she had hope to see her children. As of for her, she did not have no more hope because they had been auctioned off. (Jacobs, 130) Last but not least how slavery obliterates the moral principles of slaveholders. Stowe uses perfect examples of how slaveholders were trying to be nice but in the end were not what they appeared to be. An example will be Mr. Shelbys father and a character name St. Clare. Both of these slave holders saw and knew that Slavery was wrong. But they didnt stop with the slavery because they thought that slavery had already spread to much and that it had become unstoppable. For that reason they didnt bother stopping themselves. Other examples can be Mr. Shelby. Mr. Shelby became a huge impact on the message of the book. He was against slavery but he dealt with it by owning slaves and treating them with honor. Just like in Jacobs narrative, her master will treat her well by never making her go through whippings or do field work, but still had her as a slave. In conclusion, I believe both books are good sources to look into if anybody is trying to get a point of view towards slavery or even a history behind it. I also believe that both books are reliable because they both provide their own individual pieces. Stowe offers a brief history and conveys the message that once accepting God into ones life, Slavery would end. She also gives an overall perspective of what was going on during the 1800s because she wrote this book right when The Fugitive Slave Law was passed. Therefore she expressed her opinion and was trying to send out a message to the Southerners (the south were her main target audience). As for Jacobs book, I believe it is a reliable source because she takes us into her past and her sufferings. She helps you understand how an actual and other slaves had to go through. Her book also allows the reader to understand more into depth that the women slaves suffered just as much as the men or even more so. In the end, I rate Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl by Harriet Jacobs higher than Uncle Toms Cabin because I believe there is nothing better than an actual life story. An autobiography has the ability to give the reader a better view of things of how that time of period was. I liked Jacobs narrative because through out the reading she repeatedly would mention to her readers that she was not exaggerating on what she had written/said. I liked that about her because it reassured me that I was actually living history and slavery just by reading her story. Although Uncle Toms Cabin was a great text written against slavery and towards Southerners, I didnt like Tom, as noble and religious the character was, he ended up suffering the most I believe. But overall, both books are great resources and thats way they continue to be read years after being written.